The Age of Iron in South Asia : Legacy and Tradition

Contents: Preface. I. Introduction. II. The background—emergence of iron in ancient world: 1. Iron in and around Mesopotamia. 2. Iron in Central Asia. 3. Iron in Iran. 4. The late bronze age—early iron age on Indian borderlands. III. Origin and dispersal of iron in India: 1. Literary evidence. 2. Archaeological evidences of iron in India. 3. Metallurgical evidence. IV. From copper to iron—growth of metallurgy: 1. Metallic iron—a by product of copper and lead smelting. 2. Iron vis-à-vis copper technology. 3. Reasons for adoption of iron. 4. A review of situation in ancient cultures. 5. Ore of iron. 6. Slags and production mechanics. 7. Metallurgical processes. V. Metals and metallurgy of iron in the antiquity: 1. From wrought iron to steel. 2. Metals and metallurgy of iron: ethnological observations. VI. Iron ores in India, their mining and cultural correlation: 1. Iron ore distribution in India. 2. Traces of Ancient mining activities. 3. Discussion and correlations. VII. Towards the age of iron: 1. Early iron age. 2. Middle iron age. 3. Late iron age. Conclusion. Bibliography. Index.

"The beginning of metallurgy is a landmark in man’s march towards civilization. The advent of iron was a high water mark of technological advancement made by humankind. The metallurgical skill of ancient Indian iron craftsmen manifests itself in the colossal Delhi iron pillar the Konark beams, the Dhar pillar, and the wootz steel, erroneously called the Damascus steel till recently. The present book deals with the diverse dimensions of iron technology in ancient India and its legacies. The issue of origin of iron in the Old World, particularly in South Asia is taken up in detail. Equal emphasis is given to the innovations in iron metallurgy, the pattern of its adaptation and its impact on the socio-cultural matrix over the millennia. Iron production, its resource zones, the mechanism of its distribution and transportation and the symbiotic relationship between the areas of ‘relative isolation’ and the ‘area of attraction’ have been given detailed treatment. The author surmises that there is a direct relationship between technological input and the growing material output and thus iron appears to have played a vital role in the complex phenomena of cultural change.

"The reconstructions, though based primarily on archaeological data, have been substantiated by ethnographic and literary evidences. This multi-dimensional approach makes the deductions more balanced. The book should interest the general readership as well as the specialists in the field of archaeology, history and archaeo-metallurgy." (jacket)